| YaxleyLancet 2016 | Randomised, 326 men, prostatectomy | Urinary and sexual function similar at 12 weeks | Single centre, early results |
| NeuroSAFE PROOFLancet Oncol 2025 | Randomised, 381 men | IIEF-5 at 12 months 12.7 versus 9.7 with frozen-section guided nerve sparing | Tests a technique within robotic surgery, not robot versus open |
| OpeRaAnn Oncol 2025 | Randomised, 240 patients, partial nephrectomy | Less pain and shorter stay after robotic surgery | Complication difference not significant; longer operating and ischaemia times |
| RAZORLancet 2018 | Randomised, 350 patients, cystectomy | Two-year progression-free survival 72.3% versus 71.6% | Shows equivalence, not superiority |
| iROCJAMA 2022 | Randomised, 338 patients, cystectomy with the diversion built inside the body | Fewer clots (1.9% versus 8.3%) and wound complications (5.6% versus 16%) | Days alive and out of hospital differed by two (82 versus 80) |
| LiuWorld J Surg Oncol 2023 | Meta-analysis, 8 randomised trials, 1,024 patients | 328 mL less blood loss, fewer transfusions (odds ratio 0.45) | 84 minutes longer; complications and quality of life not different |
| EspositoCancers 2025 | Robotic versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy | Outcomes close between the two approaches | Higher cost for robotic surgery |
| ProtecTNEJM 2023 | Randomised, 15-year follow-up | Death from prostate cancer 3.1% with monitoring, 2.2% with surgery, 2.9% with radiotherapy | Metastases were more frequent with monitoring (9.4% versus 4.7% and 5.0%) |